Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Effect of Co-inoculants Rhizophos on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

2024-04-20T09:51:35+00:00

Field experiment was conducted to investigate effect of co-inoculants Rhizophos in liquid formulation on the agronomic traits of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). The treatments such as RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) + rhizophos in liquid formulation (T₅), RDF + phosphobacteria in liquid formulation (T₄), RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation (T₃), RDF (T₂) and absolute control (T₁) were imposed in a Randomized Block Design with four replication each. Seeds were treated accordingly with the treatments and foliar application was done at 1ml.L^-1on 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Among the treatments, foliar spray of Rhizophos @ 1 ml.L^-1 exhibited profound effect in improving the growth and yield attributes. The result demonstrates that RDF + rhizophos in liquid formulation recorded the highest yield of (750 kg.ha^-1) over the control (483 kg.ha^-1). The results showed that, application of co-inoculant rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomics traits and yield of black gram over individual treatment and recommended dosage alone.

Influence of Organic Nutrient Management on Growth and Physiological Parameters of Redgram (Cajanus cajan L.)

2024-04-26T08:03:57+00:00

The field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of organic nutrient management in growth and physiological parameters of redgram (Cajanus cajan L.) and executed during rabi season 2023 - 2024 at North farm, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and 3 replications. The result revealed that maximum plant height, number of root plant^-1, dry matter production, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate was found higher in 50% N equivalent based FYM @ 2.5 t ha^-1 + 50% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.416 t ha^-1 (T₄) and 100% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t ha^-1 (T₁₀) and which was followed by 100% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.8 t ha^-1 compared to control (T₁₁). As the result from the study recorded and concluded that the interaction effect with 50% N equivalent based FYM @ 2.5 t ha^-1 + 50% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.416 t ha^-1 increases the crop growth and physiological parameters of redgram and results in higher production.

Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Technologies against Fall Armyworm in Maize

2024-04-20T11:43:52+00:00

The evaluation of integrated pest management technologies against fall armyworm in maize was conducted by District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC), Vizianagaram in five farmer’s field during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The results revealed that the pest incidence was lower in IPM module compared to the historically adopted farmer’s practices, featuring here as a control. The increase in yield of 6.78% was observed in IPM demonstration (8503 kg/ha) compared to the control (7963 kg/ha). The net returns of Rs. 10,3214.00/ha and Rs. 91,145.00/ha were obtained in the IPM and control, respectively. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 747 kg/ha, 540 kg/ha and 8.07%, respectively. The lower technology index indicates that the technology implementation is feasible providing better education and popularization of the new programs thus reducing the gap between extension programs and new technologies.

Morphological Studies and Its Biological Management Practices of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. Lini) of Linseed

2024-04-20T12:10:52+00:00

The experiment was carried out in a warehouse at the Department of Plant Pathology at C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in Kanpur with the aim of Isolation, purification, identification & pathogenicity of linseed wilt pathogen, integrated disease management practice against Fusarium wilt, soil colonizing ability of Trichoderma viride in sick field plots, Effect of different pH levels and different temperature levels on the growth and sporulation of the pathogen (in- vitro). The experiment used an RBD design On eleven cultivars out of eleven cultivars (Jeevan, Shweta, Parvati, Surbhi, Shekhar, NDL-2004-05, Kiran, RLC-92, Indira Alsi, Dipika, and Chambal) tested, the minimum percentage of wilting was recorded in cultivar RLC-92 (6.64 percent) followed by Jeevan (8.85 percent) and Indira Alsi (9.70 percent), respectively but all were at par statistically, with 13 treatments, by reducing plant wilting, all treatments were found to be noticeably better than the control (untreated) at reducing disease severity, among all treatments minimum percent wilting with maximum disease control was recorded with treatment T₄ [seed treatment (5g/kg seed) + soil treatment with Trichoderma harzianum (10g/kg soil) followed by T₂ (5 g/kg seed) + soil treatments with Trichoderma viride (10 g/soil)] (19.46 percent) and T₁₂ (seed and soil treatment with carbendazin (0.2 percent) (23.50 percent), respectively under pot culture condition.

Studies on the Effect of Liquid Bio-Inoculant Rhizophos on the Agronomic Traits of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

2024-04-20T12:32:47+00:00

A study was conducted to assess the effect of liquid bio-inoculants on the agronomic traits of green gram. Field experiments were conducted on the Instructional-North farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season (2024) in a randomized block design. The experiment included five treatments [Absolute control, RDF, RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation, RDF + phosphor bacteria in liquid formulation, RDF + Rhizophos in liquid formulation. Seeds were treated in accordance with the details given above and foliar application was done @ 1ml Lit-1 on 15th,30th and 45th DAS. From the results, a significant increase in the plant height (30.03 cm) dry matter production (1633.67 kg ha-1) and number of root nodules (65.70) at different growth stages were observed when compared to the absolute control. The yield parameters like pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were also increased. The treatments with mixed liquid bio-inoculant Rhizophos (T5) registered the highest seed yield and haulm yield of 730 kg ha-1 and 1816.67 kg ha-1 respectively. The results suggest that, application of liquid rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomic traits of green gram and the yield.

Performance of Rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungoL.,) under Different Sowing Windows

2024-04-22T04:49:55+00:00

Field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during the period from October, 2017 to January 2018 to evaluate the performance of rabiblackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under different sowing windows. The experimental site was sandy loam and it was neutral in reaction with a pH of 7.30, EC of 0.20 ds m^-1. The experiment comprised four blackgram varieties viz., TBG-104, LBG-787, GBG-1 and PU-31 and four sowing dates viz., 1^st fort night of October, 2^nd fort night of October, 1^st fort night November and 2^nd fort night November.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept (FRBD) having sixteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that varieties and dates of sowings significantly influenced all the parameters in the growth attributing experimentation characters such as plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, and yield attributing characters like number of pods plant^-1, number of seeds pod^-1 and 1000 seed weight and seed yield (kg ha^-1), haulm yield (kg ha^-1) and harvest index (%) and were found highest in PU-31and lowest in LBG-787. With regard to sowing windows, the higher as well as lower values of these parameters were observed with sowing 1^st fort night of October and 2^nd fort night of November, respectively. Sowing PU-31 on 1^st fort night of October and 2^nd fort night of November gave the highest seed yield (856.42 kg ha^-1) and haulm yield (2473.96 kg ha^-1) respectively. Overall the results proved that 1^st FN of October seems to be the appropriate sowing date for getting higher yield of black gram during rabi season. Among different varieties PU-31 came out with higher yield followed by GBG-1, TBG-104 and LBG-787.

Effect of Biofertilizers and Zinc Micronutrients on yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.)

2024-04-22T13:11:56+00:00

The research work was done out during Kharif season of 2023 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj U.P( India), to study the effect of biofertilizers and zinc sulphate on growth and yield of Maize. The treatments consist of Bio-fertilizers PSB, Azotobacter,( PSB) + Azotobacter and ZnSO4 (20, 25, 30 kg/ha) done under RBD with ten treatments and replicated three times. The soil of research trial plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). The outcomes showed that the taller plants (159.03 cm), higher plant dry weight (162.70 g/plant), maximum crop growth rate (26.250 g/m²/day), number of cobs/plant (1.8), higher number of rows/cob (16.8), number of seeds per cob (553.4),were achieved by the application of PSB + Azotobacter + ZnSO4 30 kg/ha. Higher gross return (INR 1,49,119.5/ha), higher net return (INR 1,08,439.5.00/ha) and higher Benefit Cost ratio (2.66) were also obtained by the using of (Azotobacter 25 g/kg + PSB: 25 g/kg + 1% Zn+B 1 %).

Survey, Morpho-microscopic Characterization of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) from Different Locations of Chhattisgarh, India

2024-04-23T08:08:01+00:00

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), commonly known as the straw mushroom, or the Chinese mushroom, belongs to the family Pluteaceae (Kotl. & Pouz) of the Basidiomycetes (Singer, 1961). The present research was undertaken to explore the diversity, distribution, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of V. volvacea native isolates from Chhattisgarh.A total of eight isolates were collected in a survey conducted across Chhattisgarh from six districts viz. Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Dhamtari, and Bemetara, Kabirdham, Durg and all the relevant information on habitat, temperature, relative humidity, location (GPS data), habit, and related substrates in native environments; were recorded delligently. Volvariella isolates collected were characterized morphologically and found possessing pink spores, free lamellae, and a stipe bearing no annulus but was encased at the base by a volva. The gills of all the isolates were freely arranged; consistency was fleshy; colour was moderate brown; and texture was smooth. The stipes of all the isolates were cylindrical, centrally attached to the pileus; the consistency was fleshy; the colour was yellowish white; and the bases were swollen. Pileus characters of all isolates show a light brown outer colour, a moderate brown middle colour, and regular margins. The volva characters of all isolates show a sheathed arrangement and brownish colour. Spore print colours were observed as pink and moderate brown, gill colour varied from light pink to brown for all isolates. Microscopic characterization was done and was found that spore size of all collected isolates ranges between six to nine micrometre and the basidium bears sterigmata.

Adoption of Pest Management Practice Wise Green Technologies Utilization Behaviour of Trichy and Madurai District Farmers in Rice-based Ecosystem

2024-04-23T10:03:26+00:00

The current study was carried out in Madurai and Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks from each district were chosen. For this study, a total sample size of 240 people was used. It was seen that 52.08 per cent of the respondents had fully adopted the destruction of stubbles after harvest in which 56.67 per cent of Trichy district farmers and 47.50 per cent of Madurai district farmers had fully adopted the above practice in order to avoid yellow stem borer. More than half (51.67%) of the farmers had adopted placing of dry fish in the field in which 56.67 per cent of Trichy district farmers and 46.66 per cent of Madurai district farmers had fully adopted this practice. It was observed that 50.00 per cent of Trichy district respondents and 27.50 per cent of Madurai district respondents had partially adopted the practice of dipping the seedlings with chloropyriphos to avoid the attack of termites.

A Study on Moisture Dependent Properties of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) Grains

2024-04-24T13:29:10+00:00

A vital component in the design of threshers, dehuskers, shellers, and winnowers is the combination of geometrical, frictional, gravimetric, and aerodynamic characteristics of the grain. Therefore, to assess these qualities of barnyard millet grain, experiments were conducted. Samples within a suitable moisture content range of 6.21 to 22.57% (db) were used in the experiments. This was selected based on the moisture content appropriate for the majority of post-harvest operations, which is from of 6 to 24%. The geometrical mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and square mean diameter increased from 2.05 to 2.24 mm, 2.63 to 2.87 mm, 2.18 to 2.38 mm, and 3.67 to 4.00 mm, respectively, with an increase in moisture content. Similarly, the coefficient of static friction with mild steel, GI sheets, laminated plywood, and glass increased linearly from 0.369 to 0.533, 0.342 to 0.492, 0.288 to 0.301, and 0.314 to 0.363, respectively. Comparing the other three surfaces, it was found that mild steel had the highest coefficient of static friction while laminated plywood had the lowest. Porosity, bulk density, and true density decreased from 0.572 to 0.429, 682.92 to 563.72 kg m^-3, and 1318.95 to 1196.81 kg m^-3 within the moisture content range, while angle of repose, aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, 1000 grain weight, coefficient of internal friction, and terminal velocity increased from 23.62° to 40.82°, 65.53 to 66.77, 0.6492 to 0.6569, 13.20 to 15.76 mm², 4.35 to 6.22 mm³, 3.97 to 5.07 g, 0.556 to 0.863, and 4.42 to 5.23 ms^-1.

In Vitro Multiplication and Ontogeny of Ferns Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) (Dryoptridaceae) from South India under Current Climate Conditions

2024-04-25T08:31:28+00:00

The oak leaf fern, Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) Sledge, is an endangered fern in India, native to the Southeast Asian region. For the ex-situ conservation of this endangered fern, spores were collected and cultured aseptically on full-strength KC Medium with sucrose at pH 5.8. The spores are monolete with a prominent winged perispore. The exine ruptures at the laesura, and three or four germ filaments grow out, following a Vittaria-type germination pattern. The prothallial development was of the Aspidium type. Adult gametophytes are cordate and much broader than their length. Antheridia develop between 120 and 140 days. They are characteristically 3-celled, with a basal cell, a median cell, and an opercular cell. The female sex organs, archegonia, develop between 150 and 170 days. They are superficial and arranged on the lower side of the prothallus near the midrib and the meristematic region. Fertilization and subsequent development of the sporophytes were observed after four months. The highest percentage of sporophyte formation was observed on KC medium fortified with Kin 0.5 mg/l. Sporophytes had uniseriate, unicellular, and multicellular hairs, similar to those found on adult prothalli. The highest percentage of root formation was observed in the medium with IBA + NAA (1.0 mg/l). The in vitro raised plants showed a 54% establishment during hardening in the field. The present study has established a reproducible protocol for the ex-situ conservation of this endangered oak leaf fern.

Impact of Agriculture Growth on Poverty Reduction: A Case of Karnataka, India

2024-04-25T09:59:46+00:00

Karnataka is one of the progressive states in the country even though it experiences the challenges of poverty and it has wide variation, depending on rural-urban disparities, region, caste, and religion. Agriculture as primary sector contribute notably to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and being main occupation for majority population acts as largest source of livelihood for the rural poor by creating enormous employment opportunities thus by increasing the income levels, agriculture play a key role in reducing poverty. The present study was conducted to analyse the impact of agriculture growth on poverty reduction in Karnataka state by using secondary data. The relationship between poverty, agriculture GDP per worker and non-agriculture GDP per worker was analysed using pooled panel regression analysis. The results of the study shows that contribution of agriculture sector was far more in decreasing poverty than the non-agricultural sector, as every one per cent increase in agriculture GDP per worker reduced poverty by 1.36 per cent as against 0.80 per cent in non-agriculture GDP per worker. As majority of people depends on agriculture for their livelihood, it is evident that the agriculture sector has a greater impact on alleviating poverty among rural population. However, it suggested that the balanced growth across all three sectors of the economy will help to reduce the poverty rates by increasing income level of the population.

Incidence of Stem Rot of Cluster-bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Major Growing Areas of Rajasthan, India

2024-04-26T09:42:56+00:00

A survey was conducted in major cluster bean growing districts of Rajasthan during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 which showed the stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an imperative pathological problem, mostly in Bikaner, Shri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts. Average disease incidence was 22.33 per cent recorded in surveyed districts of Rajasthan. Highest average disease incidence (27.67%) was reported in Shri Ganganagar followed by Hanumangarh (22.50%) while lowest in Bikaner (16.83%) district.

Effect of Organic Manure of Nitrogen Nutrients on Economic Benefits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2024-04-26T09:51:19+00:00

A field experiment was conducted at crop research center of IFTM University Moradabad (U.P.) field experiment carried out during the Rabi season 2022–2023. The texture of the sandy loam soil in the experimental field was sandy loam. The randomized block design method was used for the statistical analysis, and the ten treatments included three replications of the application of biofertilizers and V.C. FYM. Treatments were T₁(control), T₂ (Pressmud @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB + Azotobactor), T₃ (Pressmud @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB), T₄ (FYM @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB + Azotobactor), T₅(FYM @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB ), T₆ (VC @ 5 t ha^-1 + PSB) T₇ (VC @ 5 t ha^-1+PSB+Azotobactor), T₈(50%N Through FYM+50% Through NPK), T₉(75%N Through FYM+25%Through NPK) T₁₀(100% NPK 120:60:40) wheat variety DBW90 was sown on during December 2022. The levels of NPK fertilizer were associated with a rise in the economic benefits. The outcome showed that, under the treatment 100% NPK of RDF T₁₀, the highest gross return of Rs. 111061 of ha^-1, the highest net return of Rs. 74821 of ha^-1, and the maximum benefit of cost ratio 2.06 were all recorded. When it came to economics, the treatment that used 100% NPK of RDF was found to be superior and statistically comparable to T₈. It is also possible to maintain soil fertility, which is crucial for sustainable crop production, by applying organic matter and fertilizers in conjunction with inorganic ones.

Screening of Varieties Resistant to Sugarcane Smut Disease Caused by Sporosorium scitamineum under Sub- tropical India

2024-04-27T07:37:58+00:00

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important commercial crop, cultivated across the world in more than 90 countries including India. Diseases in sugarcane are mainly caused by fungi, bacteria, virus, and phytoplasma. Apart from the biotic factors nutritional imbalance is also responsible for various diseases. The major fungal diseases of sugarcane are red rot, smut, and wilt. The Smut of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Ustilago scitamineum. The first report of the disease incidence came from Natal, South Africa in 1877. Severe smut infection affects the sugar recovery as well as yield loss ranging from 10 to 70 per cent. The present study includes genotypes/varieties evaluation against smut disease (Sporisorium scitamineum) of sugarcane in sub-tropical region of India. The experiments were conducted in field condition during 2022-2023. Some total of 71 genotypes, maintained at ICAR-IISR, Lucknow. Three bud setts of each of the test genotypes were inoculated by dipping them in aqueous teliospores suspension (106/ml) for 30 minutes. Based on disease incidence of each genotype, these were categorized in five class intervals i.e., 0-1 (R), 1-10(MR), 10-20(MS), 20-30(S) & >30 % (HS) smut infection. Out of 71 genotypes tested, Forty five (45) genotype were rated as Resistant (R), Eight (8) genotypes were rated as Moderate Resistant (MR), Five (5) genotypes were rated as Moderate Susceptible (MS), and Ten (10) genotypes were rated as Susceptible (S) against smut disease of sugarcane. The genotypes rated resistant against smut of sugarcane can be exploited for development of smut resistant variety of sugarcane whereas rated susceptible genotypes can be exploited as susceptible check for screening against smut of sugarcane.

Application of SWAT Model for Hydrological Simulation of Rapti River Basin

2024-04-27T09:12:08+00:00

This study aimed at application of SWAT model for hydrological simulations of Rapti River Basin (RRB) water systems. The Rapti River originates from Nepal and then it comes in India. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used for hydrological simulation of the RRB surface and sub surface water systems. SWAT is a comprehensive, semi-distributed river basin model that requires a large number of input parameters, which complicates model parameterization and calibration. The RRB was discretised into 4 sub-basins and 630 hydrological response units (HRUs) and calibration and validation was carried out at Bagasoti using monthly flow data of 11 years, respectively. We first calibrated the model in SWAT-CUP which is a decision-making framework that incorporates a semi-automated approach (SUFI2) using manual calibration and incorporating sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Parameter sensitivity analysis helps focus the calibration and uncertainty analysis and is used to provide statistics for goodness-of-fit. In this study Calibration has been done between simulated and observed discharge data (1974-1985) for 50 simulations with 6 parameters that is Curve number (CN2 = 0.945), Groundwater delay (GW_DELAY = 50), Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF = 0.58), Manning's "n" value for the main channel (CH_N2 = 0.15), Effective hydraulic conductivity in main channel alluvium (CH_K2 = 10.20) and Available water capacity of the soil layer (SOL_AWC = 0.28). The results were analysed and compared with the observational data. The model performance evaluation showed acceptable ranges of values (i.e., Nash Sutcliff was 0.75 and R2 was 0.71). After model calibration, in order to predict water balance, the model was validated by using the best parameter.

Nutrient Balance and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Irrigated Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under Various Integrated Nutrient Management Practices

2024-04-30T05:43:35+00:00

Aims: To evaluate the nutrient balance and nutrient use efficiency of irrigated pigeon peas under various integrated fertilizers

Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was conducted at Instructional Farm (North), Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore.

Methodology: During the growth phase of the pigeon pea crop, the soil's nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels were monitored to assess their essential nutrient balance. This evaluation was conducted for each treatment, considering the specific nutrient application given to the crop. Additionally, the total quantity of nutrient uptake and the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium utilization were calculated.

Results: Higher availability of nutrients and nutrient uptake at harvest and the maximum values of computed balance and gain values in the nutrient balance studies and agronomic efficiency were observed in the integrated application of 75% RDF + 25% N eq as vermicompost (T₂)

Conclusion: The integrated application of 75% RDF + 25% N eq as vermicompost (T₂) resulted in maximum available nutrients, plant uptake, agronomic efficiency and computed balance nutrient gain.

Studies on the Field Performance of True Potato Seed of Different Entries under Telangana Conditions

2024-04-30T07:53:30+00:00

The quality of seedlings obtained from a nursery influence re-establishment in the field and the eventual production of crops. The present investigation was conducted for two consecutive seasons during rabi, 2021-22 and rabi, 2022-23 at Mulugu, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University for evaluation of the field performance of true potato seed. The same seedling raised media showed better performance in the main field of experiment, among the treatments, T₁ i.e KP-15C3 X D-150 + Cocopeat : Vermicompost : FYM (2:1:1) was recorded the significantly highest growth parameters like plant height (25.15 cm and 47.61 cm), number of compound leaves per plant (15.05 and 28.13), leaf length (8.85 cm and 20.13 cm), leaf width (6.68 cm and 14.23 cm), leaf area (27.94 cm² and 51.48 cm²) and stem diameter (0.60 cm and 0.82 cm) at 30 and 60 DAP respectively. Results related to yield attributing characters like number of micro tubers per plant (11.77), fresh weight of micro tubers per plant (16.21 g), number of small tubers per plant (7.46), fresh weight of small tubers per plant (44.03 g), number of medium tubers per plant (5.89), fresh weight of medium tubers per plant (171.40 g), number of large tubers per plant (2.84), fresh weight of large tubers per plant (115.28 g), total number of tubers per plant (27.95), tuber yield per plant (346.92 g), tuber yield per plot (20.82 kg/ 6 m²) and tuber yield (34.69 t/ha) was maximum in T₁treatment. It concluded that successfully tuberlets yield can be produced from seedling raised from TPS method.

Fertigation-Driven Optimization of Growth Characters in Banana (Musa acuminate AAA) cv. Red Banana

2024-04-30T09:55:19+00:00

The main aim of the study was to standardize the fertigation schedule and nutrient levels for growth enhancement in red banana. The study was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2021-2023. The statistical design used was factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with 12 plants per plot at a spacing of 2.1m x 2.1 m laid out with 12 treatment combinations of 4 different nutrient levels (60%, 80%, 100%and 120% RD of N and K) and 3 fertigation schedule (equal splits at weekly interval, at fortnightly interval, and according to the growth stage of the crop) and a control (KAU POP recommendation). Soil test based on fertilizer recommendation was derived based on KAU POP (200:200:400 g plant^-1 year^-1). Farm yard manure was applied as organic source at 10 kg plant^-1) and P (200 g plant^-1) to all treatments as basal. Water soluble fertilizers used included Urea as nitrogen source and Muriate of Potash as potassium source;. Data was collected from pseudo stem height, girth, number of leaves, leaf index, leaf area, days to shooting, time taken from shooting to harvest and crop duration. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance. The highest pseudostem height (310.53 cm) and girth (89.30 cm) was observed with the interactive effect of 120% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) which was on par with F₂S₃(80% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) at flowering stage. The total functional leaf area was maximum on F₃S₃at the flowering (23.86 m²) and harvest stage (21.50 m²). Data on days to shooting (363 days), shoot to harvest (89 days) and total crop duration (452 days) in red banana showed that the interaction effect F₂S₃ has taken the least number of days. In conclusion the growth characters were observed to be better at 80% recommended dose of N and K with split application according to the growth stage of the crop .

A Season-wise Analysis of the Extent of Adoption of Popular Rice Varieties in Telangana, India

2024-05-01T07:15:02+00:00

Rice is a vital staple food worldwide, serving as a major source of calories for a significant portion of the global population. In India, where agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy, rice production has witnessed remarkable growth over the past few decades. This growth is supported by advancements in agricultural technology, including the introduction of high-yielding seeds, chemical fertilizers, and agrochemicals. India stands as a key player in rice production, covering vast areas and contributing significantly to the nation's food grain output.

Telangana, a state in India, has seen a substantial increase in paddy production, owing to government initiatives, irrigation projects, and investments. The development of high-yielding rice varieties that are well-suited to the region's soil conditions has played a crucial role in this growth. These varieties exhibit resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, contributing to a sustained increase in paddy production. The state's remarkable progress in rice cultivation is evident through the data on area coverage, production, and productivity The study delves into the area coverage of popular rice varieties across seasons in Telangana. It reveals that coarse and fine rice varieties dominate Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively, with MTU 1010 being the most extensively cultivated. This article provides valuable insights into the extent of adoption of popular rice varieties among farmers of Telangana.

Evaluation of Some Green Gram Genotypes against Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Leafhopper, Empoasca kerri Pruthi under Field Conditions

2024-05-01T09:21:52+00:00

Studies were carried out on 51 genotypes of green gram, evaluated to identify the genotypic response against whitefly, leafhoppers and yellow mosaic virus infestation during kharif, 2010 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Out of 51 genotypes, MH 732, MH 717, MH 719 and MH - 125 (Basanti) and MH 717 harboured minimum population of whitefly (2.68 /cage/plant), green leafhopper (0.45 /cage/plant), brown leafhopper (0.15 /cage/plant) and mixed (green and brown) leafhopper (0.69 /cage/plant), respectively, as compared to maximum whitefly population observed on genotype SM 9-117 (8.30 /cage/plant), green leafhopper on MH 809 (1.12 /cage/plant), brown leafhopper on MH 748 and MH 808 (0.41 /cage/plant) and mixed leafhopper counts recorded on SM 9-113 (1.49 /cage/plant). Genotype MH 742 affected least 2.80 per cent with the incidence of YMV as compared to maximum (56 per cent) incidence on SM 9-112. Highest grain yield (908 kg/ha) was obtained from the genotype MH 742 as compared to 355 kg/ha lowest observed from the genotype SM 9-112.

Prevalence of African Mosaic and Morphological Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) Varieties in Two Agroecological Zones of Cameroon

2024-05-01T12:35:11+00:00

The objective of this work is to conduct an epidemiological study of African cassava mosaic and to characterize the diversity of local cultivars in circulation in the monomodal and bimodal rainforest zones of Cameroon. Disease-related parameters (incidence and severity index) were studied as well as morphological parameters (plant height, leaflet color, petiole color, lobe length, number of lobes, number of branches, petiole length). The results show that 96 cassava varieties were identified with 89 local varieties and 07 improved varieties. Diseased plants showed a symptom severity index of 1 to 5, which could reduce production by half in the areas considered. The leaf color was dark green, the number of branches was 3, the lobe and petiole lengths were 16.46 and 22 cm respectively, while the number of lobes was 5 the disease incidence for the two agro-ecological zones as a whole is 57.58% for a symptom severity index of 3. The epidemiological study reveals that the desease incidence of both agro-ecological zones was 57.58 % for a symptom severity index of 2 corresponding to 40 %. In the humid forest zone with monomodal spray the average incidence was 49.74% and a leaf attack rate was 29.03 % in the locality of Njombé (Cameroon's littoral region). At Ekona in southwestern Cameroon, the average incidence was 63% and leaf attack index was 1 corresponding to 20 %. In the bimodal rainforest zone (central Cameroon region), the average incidence was 60 % for a leaf attack rate was 37.11%. The expected results highlight a relatively worrying situation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirms the convergence of tolerance towards the mosaic and grouped the different varieties into more or less homogeneous groups according to the morphological and epidemiological cassava descriptors. The results of the present work show that the introduction of cassava local varieties tolerant to mosaic disease in middling could be an alternative for the control of the cassava mosaic disease.

Unveiling the Ecological Ramifications of Aerial Pesticide Application by Drones on Soil Microbiota in Rice

2024-05-02T10:45:16+00:00

The ecological consequences of aerial pesticide application by drones on soil microbiota in rice fields were investigated in this study. The quantitative and qualitative effects of different pesticide treatments, both applied via drones and power sprayer, were examined on soil bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. The average population of total bacteria and pseudomonas in the rhizosphere soil tended to be slightly higher in the drone-sprayed treatments compared to the power sprayer treatments. It is evident that the drone spraying treatments resulted in higher average populations of actinomycetes and fungi (124.75 CFU × 10⁵ g^-1 soil and 21.12 CFU × 10⁴ g^-1 soil, respectively) compared to the power sprayer treatments with average populations of 127.75 CFU × 10⁵ g^-1 soil for actinomycetes and 22.5 CFU ×10⁴ g^-1 soil for fungi. Qualitative assessment of microbial groups revealed that, the abundance of G -ve bacterial groups are higher when compared to G +ve bacterial groups in rhizospheric soil before harvest of the crop. The distribution of fungal genera varied due to pesticide applications. The mean per cent occurrence of Curvularia spp., Penicillium spp., and Trichoderma spp. was slightly higher in the drone-sprayed treatments (9.85%, 8.51%, and 8.33%) compared to the power-sprayed treatments (2.48%, 2.24%, and 2.00%). However, the mean per cent occurrence of Aspergillus species (A. ochraceous, A. niger, and A. flavus) was relatively higher in the power sprayer treatments (9.14%, 12.81%, and 4.09%) when compared to the drone-sprayed treatments (3.75%, 2.31%, and 0.83%). Overall, this study underscores the need for further research to comprehensively understand the implications of different pesticide application methods on soil microbial communities and their potential impact on soil fertility and ecosystem functioning over time.

Bio-Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Soybean Leaf Folder, Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2024-05-02T10:50:30+00:00

A study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station (UAS, Dharwad), Sankeshwar, Karnataka during Kharif 2022-23 to assess the effectiveness of different insecticides against soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata. Among five treatments, lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC @ 0.4 ml l^-1exhibited the lowest mean population of soybean leaf folder, Omiodes indicata on 5^th and 10^th day after spray with 2.12 and 0.98 larval population per meter row length, respectively which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.3 g l^-1(3.03 and 1.83 larvae per meter row length). Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % ZC was found to be the best effective treatment with 81.97 % reduction over control followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG (71.61 %). Similar results were obtained with per cent defoliation.

In-vitro Efficacy of Different Chemical Fungicides and Plant Extracts Against Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease in Brinjal

2024-05-03T11:51:09+00:00

Five different chemical fungicides and three plant extracts were evaluated against Alternaria alternate causing Alternaria leaf spot disease in brinjal. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of plant pathology at Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut, during kharif season 2021-22. During survey the maximum disease incidence was recorded (37.8%) Rajpura in Meerut and minimum (10.9%) incidence was recorded in Lakhaoti, survey and metrological data presented in the (Tables 2 & 3). The incidence of the disease varied from 10.9 to 37.8 percent due to difference in environmental condition. The concentration of all fungicides and Plant-extracts was kept at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Mycelial growth was measured to continue zero to ten days. Mainly four chemical fungicides (Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, Propineb 70% WP, Carbendazim 50%WP and Chlorothalonil 75% WP) and Neem extract significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen (Alternaria alternata). Among all those, four fungicides and Neem extract giving the better results. Maximum 100% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, 94.45% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Propineb 70% WP, 86.09% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Carbendazim 50%WP and 84.80 growth inhibition was recorded in Chlorothalonil 75% WP and in plant extract 18.53% inhibition was observed in Neem and 14.33% inhibition was observed in garlic. However, Azoxystrobin 23% SC and Onion also had some effect, which is mentioned in the result of the paper.

Integrated Nutrient Management in Muskmelon: A Comprehensive Field Study

2024-05-03T11:59:42+00:00

The present study aims to describe the effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) on Madhumita variety of muskmelon cultivation in terms of plant growth, fruit yield, and quality. The experiment has been carried out in the crop field located in the North Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. This case study involved seven different treatments (T1 to T7), each with varying nutrient application regimes. Certain observational data, such as vine length, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, days to 50% flowering, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, and fruit yield, were recorded for three replications over the course of the experiment.

The results of statistical analysis revealed significant differences, with specific treatments demonstrating T6, which included Vermicompost at 5 tons/ha, 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), and 1% NOVEL prime organic liquid nutrient, consistently outperformed the other treatments groups. The findings highlight the utility of integrated nutrient management. It helps in understanding and optimizing the application of nutrients to boost crop productivity and promote sustainability.

Combining Ability Analysis of Yield and Quality Traits in Pumpkin [Cucurbita moschataduch. Ex Poir]

2024-05-04T07:55:15+00:00

The present analysis was carried out with aims to estimate the general and specific combining ability of pumpkin involving six parents namely, Arka Chandan (P1), Ambili (P2), Arka Suryamukhi(P3), Pusa Vishwas (P4), CO 2 (P5) and CO 1 (P6) and 30 F1 hybrids obtained through full diallel analysis in randomized block design with three replication. The observation were recorded for eighteen traits viz., vine length, node number at which first male flower anthesis, node number at which first female flower anthesis, number of primary branches vine-1, days to first male flower anthesis, days to first female flower anthesis, number of male flowers vine-1, number of female flowers vine-1, sex ratio, number of fruits vine-1, fruit weight, polar diameter of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit, flesh thickness, 100 seed weight, carotene content, total soluble solids and yield vine-1.. The analysis of variance for combining ability among various traits in pumpkin revealed that there were significant differences for all the traits. Among the parents, Ambili was the best general combiner for number of fruits vine-1, yield vine-1 and yield contributing traits. The highest desirable SCA were obtained from a cross of Ambili x Arka Suryamukhi for yield and attributing traits, which was the best and promising hybrid.

Survey and Characterization of Ground Water Quality and its Effect on Soil Properties in Malpura Block of Tonk District Rajasthan, India

2024-05-04T11:11:44+00:00

In Malpura block of Tonk district, a survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of the groundwater and determine how it affected the soil qualities. Using a handheld GPS, 60 groundwater samples and 60 soil samples overall were taken at six sites include Lawa(V₁), Borkhandi(V₂), Kadila(V₃), Jankipura(V₄), Diggi(V₅) and Nukkad(V₆) in the Malpura block of the Tonk district. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC of ground water ranged from 6.95-8.40, 2.18-3.15(dsm^-1), 2.73-10.45 (m mol/L), 1.64-22.3 (meq/L), respectively. The anion contents followed the pattern Cl>SO₄²> HCO₃>NO₃>CO₃² whereas the cations were found to be in the following order: Na⁺> Mg²⁺> Ca²⁺> K⁺. The village of Lawa had the lowest saturation rate (22.84%) and Diggi had the highest saturation percentage (38.34%). The correlation coefficient revealed that electrical conductivity (EC) of soil saturation extract was significantly and positively correlated with EC (0.625), Cl^- (0.200) and Na⁺ (0.242) of Groundwater used for irrigation.

Demonstration of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Yield, Yield Attributes and Economics of Pomegranate (cv. Bhagwa) in Arid Zone of Andhra Pradesh

2024-05-04T11:19:04+00:00

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) demonstrations on pomegranate were conducted in 20 farmer fields in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalyandurg-operated mandals of Ananthapur district in Andhra Pradesh state during 2022-23 and 2023-24. The aim was to demonstrate the influence of INM practice on enhancing yield attributing features, yield and economics in farmer fields. According to the data, INM practice resulted in a larger number of flowers/plants, fruits/plant, fruit setting percentage, average fruit weight and yield/plant than farmer’s practice, who used chemical nutrient management alone. The demonstration of INM practice resulted in 11.56% and 10.52% higher fruit output than farmers' practices in 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. The enhanced yield in INM practice can be attributed to more fruits per plant and heavier fruit weight. INM approaches also provided a greater economic advantage, and their adoption resulted in a better benefit-cost ratio (5.87) than farmers' use of inorganic nutrient management (5.40). From the findings It can be concluded that, under current circumstances, adopting INM practices in pomegranate cultivation could result in a higher economic benefit than farmers' practices, encouraging more farmers to adopt INM practices not only in pomegranate but also in other major fruit crops in Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh.

Comparative Analysis of Profitability, Water and Energy Productivity in Curry Leaf Cultivation: Drip vs. Conventional Production Systems in Coimbatore district, India

2024-05-06T10:25:53+00:00

The aim is to analyze the cost and returns of curry leaf production under different irrigation methods, assess water and energy productivity and draw conclusions regarding the sustainability and profitability of drip irrigation. The study utilizes a sample of 60 respondents from two blocks in Coimbatore district, employing a multi-stage random sampling technique. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires administered via personal interviews between June and September 2023. Cost concepts were employed to calculate cultivation costs, while water and energy consumption were assessed to determine productivity. This study investigates the economic and environmental implications of adopting drip irrigation over conventional furrow irrigation for curry leaf cultivation in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. The results demonstrate that drip irrigation significantly reduces operational costs and improves yields compared to furrow irrigation. Gross and net incomes are substantially higher with drip irrigation, highlighting its economic advantages. Moreover, drip irrigation shows higher water and energy productivity, indicating its potential for resource conservation and sustainability. The results emphasize the importance of governmental support in promoting drip irrigation adoption to enhance water efficiency and facilitate value-added product export. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of drip irrigation in enhancing profitability, conserving resources and promoting agricultural sustainability in curry leaf cultivation within the Coimbatore region.

Effect of Biochar Application on Performance of Rice in a Vertisol of Central India

2024-05-06T12:11:14+00:00

The present investigation was carried out at the Research Farm of ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil Science (ICAR-IISS), Bhopal (M.P.) during the Kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022 and performance of rice crop under the application of biochar in combinations of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers was studied. The field experiment consisted of 12 treatments involving three doses of biochar (0, 4 and 8 tha^-1) with and without fertilizer (0 or 120:60:40 kg N, P₂O₅, K₂O ha^-1) and manure (0, 5 t ha^-1) in four replications. Rice (cv. PB 1121) was grown consecutively for two years and various parameters viz., plant height, green seeker, number of tillers, earhead length, grains per earhead, seed index and grain yield, straw yield, total biomass and harvest index were evaluated. The results revealed that, among the parameters studied except harvest index, all parameters were influenced positively upon biochar application.

Exploring Indigenous Entomopathogenic Fungi: Ecological Significance and Potential Applications in Rangareddy District, Telangana, India

2024-05-06T12:21:27+00:00

Aims: This study aims to investigate the ecological significance and potential applications of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi in pest management, focusing on the Rangareddy district of Telangana, India.

Study Design: The study utilized a combination of the Galleria bait method and direct isolation techniques to collect and isolate entomopathogenic fungal species from insect cadavers and soil samples in various locations within the district.

Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in the Rangareddy district of Telangana, India, over a specified period.

Methodology: Six indigenous fungal isolates, including Metarhizium rileyi, Beauveria bassiana, and Lecanicillium lecanii, were obtained through the aforementioned techniques. The relationship between fungal species, soil pH, and host plants was explored.

Results: The study identified the presence of M. rileyi isolates in Mansapally and Aziznagar, B. bassiana isolates in Nagaram and Mansapally, and L. lecanii isolates in Kesaram. Notably, three isolates were obtained through direct isolation from insect cadavers, while three were obtained through the Galleria bait method, indicating the effectiveness of both approaches. Furthermore, the research revealed significant associations between fungal species, soil pH levels, and host plants, highlighting the complex interactions within the ecosystem.

Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the distribution and ecological relevance of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi in the Rangareddy district of Telangana, India. The findings offer potential implications for sustainable pest management practices, emphasizing the need for further research to validate and expand upon these discoveries.

Influence of Organic Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram (Vigna radiata)

2024-05-07T09:17:00+00:00

Greengram ( Vigna radiata L. ), commonly called as mungbean is an important pulse crop grown mainly in Zaid and Kharif season in India. Organic farming is one of the sustainable farming practices that can overcome the harmful effects of chemical farming and provides quality production. A field experiment was conducted during Zaid, 2023 to study the “Effects of organic nutrients on growth and yield of summer Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)” at SHUATS Model Organic Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of 3 different solid manures i.e. Farm Yard Manure, Vermicompost, Goat manure and 3 different liquid manures i.e. Fish Amino Acid, Panchagavya and Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) sap. The experimental field soil was sandy loam in texture, moderately basic in reaction (pH 7.8), available medium Organic Carbon (0.662 %) low in available nitrogen (249.5 kg/ha), and very high accessible phosphorus (38.7 kg/ha) and available potassium (240.8 kg/ha). The result showed that significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (42.09 cm), number of nodules (22.22/plant), dry weight (19.35g/plant) and yield attributes such as effective pod/plant (11.05), seed/pod (9.68), test weight (38.41 g), seed yield (1643.54 kg/ha) and stover yield (3023.55 kg/ha) were observed with application 5 t/ha FYM and foliar spray of 7.5 % K sap (T₉). Highest net return (Rs. 100383.30/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.84) was also recorded in the same treatment. This concludes that application of 5 t/ha FYM along with foliar spray of 7.5 % K sap at 15 and 30 DAS performed better in terms of yield and economic returns.

An Analysis of Market Arrivals and Price Behavior of Coriander in Madhya Pradesh, India

2024-05-08T12:13:59+00:00

The current research embarked on analysing wholesale prices of coriander in Madhya Pradesh spanning a decade from 2012-13 to 2021-22, sourced from specific A.P.M.Cs. The examination predominantly relied on secondary data regarding coriander arrivals and prices. Results uncovered a positive regression coefficient (β) correlated with time (T), indicating a consistent upward trend in wholesale coriander prices in Madhya Pradesh. Annual prices of coriander in Ashok Nagar, Guna, and Bhopal markets exhibited two cycles, one spanning 7 years and the other 2 years. Across all selected markets, a similar irregular fluctuation pattern observed in yearly coriander prices, lacking any distinct periodicity. Seasonal analysis revealed varying patterns in coriander prices across Bhopal, Ashok Nagar, and Guna markets, with no stable trend discernible. The Seasonal price variation of coriander in these markets was lowermost in January and remained relatively less throughout the sowing time. Coriander arrivals conspicuously dispersed more evenly in Bhopal market compared to the other two. In terms of IPR (Index of Price Relative), significant price variability was observed; with Guna market exhibiting the highest and Ashok Nagar market the lowest variability. Conversely, ASPV (Average Seasonal Price Variation) showed an inverse relationship with IPR, with Ashok Nagar market experiencing the maximum price variation among all selected markets.

Investigation on the Carry-over Effects of Various Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicides Applied Alone and in Combination to Cotton on Succeeding Chickpea Crop

2024-05-08T13:26:24+00:00

A field experiment was conducted in kharif and rabi season during 2018-19 and 2019-20 at cotton research scheme farm, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S) under irrigated condition (drip) and studied the effect of various pre- and post- emergence herbicide treatments used alone or in combination for weed control on cotton and subsequent chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop. Without using any weed control techniques, chickpea was grown on the same field after the cotton crop had been harvested. Three replications of the randomized block design were used to evaluate seven different treatments. The crop was significantly affected by all herbicide applications, with the exception of hand weeding at 30, 60, and 90 DAS. From the current study, it can be concluded that crops like chickpeas cannot be grown in a safe order after cotton because using pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha as PE + quizalopfop ethyl 50 g/ha at 60 DAS as the weed management practice in cotton had a significant impact on growth, yield, and economics.

Yield, Yield Attributes and Weed Biomass of Rice (Oryza sativa L) as Influenced by Weed Control Treatments

2024-05-08T13:34:39+00:00

The present investigation was conducted during the Kharif of 2019 at Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and ten weed management treatments viz. Pretilachlor (PE )750 g ha-1 , BispyribacNa (PoE ) 25 g ha-1 , Fenoxaprop-p-ethy (PoE) l 56.25 g ha-1 , Cyhalofop-buty (PoE ) l 80 g ha-1 ,Penoxsulam+ Cyhalofop butyl (PoE ) 135 g ha-1, Penoxsulam(PoE ) 22.5 g ha-1 , Metsulfuronmethy ( early PoE ) l 4 g ha-1 , 2,4-D Ethyl Ester (PoE ) 750 g ha-1 ), weed free (HW) , at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing and weedy check . Result was found that among the weed management treatments, the weed free treatment registered significantly highest value and was at par the application of Penoxsulam+ Cyhalofop butyl 135 g ha-1 , yield attributing characters, grain and straw yield and dry matter of Alternanthera sessilis it was found the lowest value in the application of Penoxsulam+ Cyhalofop butyl 135 g ha-1 (T5).

Studies on Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2024-05-09T07:23:04+00:00

A study was undertaken to analyse the genetic variability, correlation and estimates path coefficient analysis of yield and yield contributing traits in twenty-eight wheat genotypes grown at BAU Agricultural Farm, ranchi during Rabi season of 2019-2020 in three different dates of sowing with an interval of 15 days which is considered as three environments E1, E2, E3. In this investigation the pooled analysis of variance revealed that the treatments were highly significant for all the characters. Wide genetic variation was observed among genotypes for plant height, number of grains per spike, 1000 kernel weight, days to maturity and flag leaf area. Considering genetic parameters, high genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV), was observed for 1000 kernel weight (11.95), no of grains per spike (12.73), flag leaf area (13.74), spike length (15.83), grain yield per plant (17.64), no of effective tillers (18.38) Whereas, low GCV was observed for plant height (3.49), days to 50% flowering (1.46), days to maturity (2.54) and harvest index (6.90). In most of the cases, phenotypic variances were higher than the genotypic variances. Environmental variance is much higher in harvest index (35.64), days to 50% flowering (33.47). low environmental variance was observed in plant height (16.75), flag leaf area (10.29), days to maturity (13.93), no of grains per spike (14.07), spike length (0.49) and biological yield (35.64). High heritability with low genetic advance in per cent of mean was observed for plant height, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering & harvest index which indicated the involvement of non-additive gene action for the expression of this character and selection for such trait might not be rewarding. High heritability with high genetic advance in per cent of mean was observed for grain yield per plant (27.73), no of grains per spike (20.93), 1000 kernel weight (23.58) and no of effective tillers (27.91) indicating that these traits were under additive gene control and selection for genetic improvement for these traits would be effective. Biological yield had high positive and significant correlation with plant height, number of effective tillers and number of grains per spike. Path coefficient analysis revealed maximum direct contribution towards yield per plot with sheath length followed by grains per spike.

Effect of Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Foxtail Millet

2024-05-10T10:07:30+00:00

The field experiment was conducted during ZAID season 2023 at experimental field of Crop Research Farm, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. In the present study, the treatments consisting three levels of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) viz., 100% RDF (60-30-30 Kg/ha), 75% RDF (45-22.5-22.5 Kg/ha) and 50% RDF (30-15-15 kg/ha) along with three different micro nutrients viz., Zinc - 0.5 kg/ha, Boron - 0.5 kg/ha and Iron - 0.5 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.3), low available nitrogen (278.93 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (15.4 kg/ha) and medium available potassium (173.7 kg/ha). Results revealed that higher plant height (84.20 cm), plant dry weight (10.61 g), number of tillers/ hill (4.53), length of ears (9.20 cm), number of ears/plant (4.47), test weight (3.47 g), grain yield (1.22 t/ha), straw yield (2.80 t/ha) were recorded in treatment 8 (NPK 100% RDF+ Boron 0.5 kg/ha). Maximum gross return (INR 48,408.33), net return (INR 30,913.33) and B:C ratio (1.77) were also recorded in treatment 8 (NPK 100% RDF + Boron 0.5 kg/ha). It can be concluded that the application of NPK 100% RDF +Boron 0.5kg/ha (Treatment 8) recorded higher yield and benefit cost ratio in Foxtail millet.

Screening of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for salinity at Reproductive Stage

2024-05-10T10:13:34+00:00

This study highlights the varying degrees of tolerance to salinity among different rice genotypes. It's interesting to note that despite rice being considered moderately sensitive to salinity. The phenotypic response of 20 rice genotypes with salt stress at EC=12dsm^-1was assessed under hydroponic condition at reproductive stage through visual scoring. Five genotypes, viz., MCM103,CSR27,MCM151-3-2-1-1 , MCM208-12-1-1, AC39416A demonstrated tolerant and 12 genotypes MCM 100, MCM109, MCM125 , MCM1471-1-2-1 , IR04A115, MCM153-1-1-1-1, MCM106-2-10-2-2, MCM258-8-2-1-1-1 , MCM148-2-1-1-1 , IR18T1045, IR100120-B-B-B-11 and MCM159-3-1-1-1 considered as moderately tolerant in the face of salt stress.Conversely,3 genotypes like FL478 ,BPT5204 ,PUSA44 showed susceptibility.

Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Varieties

2024-05-10T10:21:55+00:00

A Field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon (0.452%), nearly neutral in soil pH (7.1), high nitrogen (178.48 kg/ha), medium phosphorous (23.6 kg/ha), medium potassium (231.4 kg/ha). The experiment laid out in a randomized block design consists of three replications along with three cowpea varieties (viz., Kashi Nidhi, Kashi Unnati, Kashi Kanchan) and three solid organic manures (i.e. Poultry manure 2 t/ha, Goat manure 10.5 t/ha, Pig manure 15 t/ha) which were replicated thrice. The results revealed that maximum plant height (52.73 cm), dry weight (15.03 g/plant), crop growth rate (12.57 g/m²/day), number of pods/plant (11.80), number of seeds/plant (11.50), test weight (81.00g), seed yield (2.40 t/ha), stover yield (4.10 t/ha). Maximum net returns (INR 79,515.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.30) which was significantly superior over other treatment T₃(Kashi Kanchan + Poultry manure 2 t/ha). It can be concluded that Kashi Kanchan variety with application of poultry manure 2 t/ha brought about significant improvement in the production and also proven economically viable in cowpea crop.

Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Yield Enhancement of Ginger (var. Nadia) Raised Single Node Seedlings through Pro Tray Technology in Tribal Area of Alluri Sitaramraju District of Andhra Pradesh, India

2024-05-11T09:50:04+00:00

To overcome the problems of high seed usage due to the high cost of seed material and rhizome rot disease in ginger in tribal agency areas of ASR district. Hence, the ICAR-ANGRAU, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kondempudi conducted Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) in five selected villages, namely Paderu, Peddabayalu, Hukumpeta, Dumbriguda, and Araku mandals of Alluri Sitaramraju district (ASR) of Andhra Pradesh, for three years (2019–20, 2020–21, and 2021-22). The purpose of the FLD was to showcase the superior performance of single node raised seedlings of the ginger variety Nadia raised through portray technology compared to the normal farmer practice variety Nadia. The single-node ginger (Var.Nadia) seedlings cultivated using technological demonstration of yield and economic analysis in contrast to farmers' practices 50 farmers participated actively in the FLD, which covered 20.5 acres. In terms of production, pooled fresh rhizome yields of 139.57 and 120.02 q/ha, respectively, showed that single-node grown seedlings of ginger var. Nadia raised by modern technology were superior over farmer practice. Single-node ginger (var. Nadia) seedlings grown by this technique exhibited an upsurge in fresh rhizome output from 10.28 to 20.39 percent over the course of the demonstration years. Average cost-benefit ratios for the three years for demonstration plots and farmer practice were 1:3.18, 1:3.26, and 1:3.61, and 1:2.09, 1:2.08, and 1:2.01, respectively. The extension gap of three years (2019–20, 2020–21, and 2021–22) was 27.71, 16.1, and 14.84 q/ha in demonstration plots, respectively. Results on the Technology Index ranged between 12.07 to 6.62% and 20.78 to 5.17% for single-node ginger (var.Nadia) seedlings raised through pro tray technology and farmers’ practices, respectively. All three years of study revealed that for single-node ginger (var.Nadia) seedlings raised through portray technology, there is much significance and scope for up scaling the demonstrated technology in tribal agency areas of Alluri Sitaramraj district, Andhra Pradesh.

Women Empowerment Level in Agriculture: A Study in Odisha, India

2024-05-11T10:07:03+00:00

Women are not given the due record of credit for most of the work they do in agriculture and allied sector as per the present scenario. But according to global institutional study reports, empowering women in agriculture and providing economic gains to them can lead to a more equitable future for all. A study was conducted to ascertain the extent of empowerment of farm women in Odisha. Three districts of Odisha (Puri, Gajapati and Debagarh) were selected representing the three administrative zones (Northern, Southern and Central zone) with 100 women respondents from each district with a total of 300 sample size. Women empowerment has been assessed through their level of cosmopoliteness, access to information, mobility, media exposure, ownership of resources, access to technology etc. Index values have been calculated for each parameter and the average index has also been calculated. Besides, Mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression method were also applied for generalization of collected data. Results of the study indicated that the overall distribution of the sample regarding cosmopoliteness, mobility and media exposure was within medium to high level. Almost all the members found to have high level of access to information. But unfortunately, the distribution of sample regarding access to technology, ownership, membership and leadership was found at low level. The results also showed that selected socio-economic variables of the respondents had notable association with different parameters of empowerment.

Principle Component Analysis for Forecasting of Pre-harvest Rapeseed and Mustard Yield Based on Meteorological Parameters

2024-05-13T06:55:03+00:00

The pre-harvest forecast model was developed using time series data on Rapeseed and Mustard yields as well as weekly data on six weather variables from the 40^th SMW of one year to the 8th SMW of the next year, which covers the years 1990–1991 to 2014–2015. Multiple regression and principal component analysis are two statistical techniques that have been reported for creating pre-harvest forecast models. The most accurate model found by applying step-by-step regression analysis to weekly weather data was based on adj R², RMSE, and%SE. One and a half months prior to harvest, these models can be utilised to obtain a trustworthy forecast of the yield of Rapeseed and Mustard.

A Comprehensive Survey and Assessment of Rice Blast Disease Incidence from Major Rice Growing Districts of Telangana State, India

2024-05-13T09:39:13+00:00

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and severity of rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea in various rice cultivars grown in Telangana State during the kharif season of 2019.

Methodology: A purposive disease survey was conducted in major rice-growing areas of Telangana State. Disease incidence and severity were recorded from the tillering to grain hardening stage. Percentage disease incidence and severity were calculated at each sampling location. Additionally, pathogenicity tests were conducted on susceptible rice cultivar TN-1 using different isolates of P. grisea.

Results: The study revealed significant variations in rice blast disease incidence and severity across the surveyed areas. Disease incidence ranged from 18.5% in Mancherial to 79.41% in Peddapalli, while severity ranged from 22.2% to 85.1%. All sampled cultivars exhibited varying degrees of susceptibility, with severity scores ranging from moderately resistant (2.0) to highly susceptible (9.0). TN-1 showed the highest blast severity, while WGL 1368 exhibited the least severity. Pathogenicity tests showed significant differences among P. grisea isolates, with reactions on TN-1 ranging from moderately susceptible (4.0 to 5.0) to highly susceptible (8.0 to 9.0).

Conclusion: The study highlights the widespread occurrence of rice blast disease in Telangana State and underscores the varying susceptibility levels among rice cultivars. These findings emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and management strategies to mitigate the impact of rice blast disease on rice production in the region.

Evaluation of Some New Nematicides for the Management of Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2024-05-13T09:46:49+00:00

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of two nematicides viz., Nimitz®(Fluensulfone) and Velum Prime (Fluopyrum) for the management of Reniform nematode (R. reniformis) on tomato (var. Pusa Ruby) under net house condition. The plant growth parameters in tomato were found to be increased in the treatment with Nimitz® @2.5kg/ha followed by Carbofuran CG @3.0 kg a.i./ha, Velum Prime @1000 ml/ha, Nimitz® @2.00 kg/ha , and Velum Prime @750 ml/ha. The chemicals suppressed nematode reproduction as indicated by the lower nematode population and lower numbers of eggs on the roots as compared to control. The minimum populations of R. reniformis were recorded with the treatment Nimitz® @2.5kg/ha followed by Carbofuran CG @3.0 kg a.i./ha, Velum Prime @1000 ml/ha, Nimitz® @2.00 kg/ha , and Velum Prime @750 ml/ha.

Survey on Web Blight of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in Major Growing District of Rajasthan

2024-05-13T10:15:18+00:00

Web blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) is one of the major diseases of mungbean. The mode of infection is soil-borne, seed borne and air-borne. Random survey was conducted during the kharif season (2022) to study the intensity of web blight in mungbean growing areas of Rajasthan which include Jaipur, Ajmer, Nagaur, Sikar and Tonk. The result showed that the disease intensity ranged from 15.70% to 31.04%. An average disease intensity of 23.57 % was recorded in the surveyed districts. The maximum intensity of web blight disease was recorded in Ajmer District (31.04%).

Phenotypic Assessment and Cluster Analysis for Economic Traits in Advanced Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Breeding Lines

2024-05-13T10:22:15+00:00

Diversity for economic traits like yield is crucial in rice breeding programmes. In this context, the experiment aimed to identify genetically divergent rice genotypes for hybridization programs, analysing eleven yield and yield-related traits across 35 advanced breeding lines and four check varieties. Employing Mahalanobis’ D² analysis, the study identified six clusters indicating significant genetic diversity, with the widest divergence observed between clusters VI and IV (203.42) and the closest proximity between clusters III and I (69.25). Traits such as the grain number per panicle and L/B ratio significantly contributed to genetic divergence. Notably, certain breeding line combinations, including KMLT-4 × KPR-2-4-3-1-1, JGL-1798 × KPR-2-7-2-3-4, KMLT-4 × KPR-2-1-7-1-2, KMLT-4 × KPR-2-2-3-1-2-4, and KMLT-4 × KPR-2-2-2-8-2-1-1-2-3, exhibited superior mean yield performance compared to the check varieties under lowland conditions. These promising genotypes offer potential as parental candidates for future hybridization endeavours, aiming to build elite rice cultivars with broader genetic bases, ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity and resilience.

Screening of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes for High Yield Potential in Mid Hills Region of Himachal Pradesh

2024-05-13T10:38:08+00:00

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important bulbous vegetable crops, belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. Thirty genotypes were taken under study. Sufficient significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. The maximum plant height was seen in the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (69.08 cm) while, minimum in the genotype UHF-ONI-7 (34.15 cm). Highest polar diameter and equatorial were represented by the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (5.59 cm) and Bhima Kiran (5.99 cm), respectively. There were nine genotypes which exhibited globular shape, three showed torpedo shape and eighteen showed flat shape. The majority, comprising 18 genotypes, exhibited a dark red color for their bulb skinThe genotype recorded to have earliest 50 per cent neck fall was UHF-ONI-4 (129.67 days). Maximum bulb weight was recorded by the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (82.95 g). Bulb yield per plot and per hectare was observed maximum in UHF-ONI-13 (8.19 kg and 436.86 q). UHF-ONI-13, UHF-ONI-15 and UHF-ONI-16 performed better than other genotypes for yield and other imperative horticultural characters. Thus, these genotypes can be used for further breeding improvement programmes of onion for different traits.

Effect of Pruning on Economics of Production of Indeterminate Variety of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Polyhouse

2024-05-13T10:48:40+00:00

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, CSAUAT- Kanpur to investigate the role of plant spacing and pruning in economics of production of indeterminate variety of tomato in polyhouse rabi season 2023-2024.The variety under observation is NS4266 .Although cultivation under polyhouse condition is capital intensive process but it is also highly remunerative. The experiment is conducted in randomized block design with four treatment and four replication. Pruning under single stem is best over all the other treatments and is comparative to double stem and triple stem in some cases. Single stem has prolonged market period and highly sustainable in nature.

Low-cost Nursery Media for Improving Germination of Chip Budded Seedlings for SSI

2024-05-13T12:03:19+00:00

The quality and vigour of the chip budded seedlings are important components in SSI technology which in turn, depends on the nature of growing media. The most commonly used media for chip budded seedlings is pure coco peat which is a costlier one and availability is also restricted. Hence an alternate organic media to pure coco peat compressing low cost organic sources viz., Press mud, Coco peat, Coir pith, Town Compost and Vermicompost are essential to widespread this technology. Hence, an experiment was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station, Sirugamani in 2013-14 to find out suitable low cost media for producing vigorous seedlings of chip budded seedlings of Sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in RBD with 11 treatments comprising of different media with three replications. The treatments include Composted Coir pith :Vermicompost @2:1 ratio (T1), Composted coir pith + press mud @ 2:1 ratio (T2),Composted Coir pith :Vermicompost @3:1 ratio (T3), Composted coir pith + press mud @ 3:1 ratio (T4), Bagasse + Press mud @ 1:1 ratio (T5), Banana leaf compost: Press mud @1:2ratio (T6), Sugarcane trash Compost + press mud @ 1:1ratio (T7), Municipal Waste (Town Compost) + Sugarcane trash compost + Press mud @ 1:1 ratio (T7), Municipal waste (town Compost) + Sugarcane trash compost @ 1:1 ratio (T8), Composted Coir pith clone (Coco peat) (T9), Press mud alone (T10), Farm boon (composted press mud) (T11). Single budded chip buds from the healthy mother canes o TNAU Sugarcane Si 7 variety were prepared using bud chipper machine and the same was treated with 0.05% Carbendazim, Malathion 2% and Urea @ 1 for 15 minutes. The chip buds were shade dried for 2 hours and then planted in the pro trays filled with the media as per the treatments. The nursery media in different treatments were prepared using bud chipper machine and the same materials as per the treatments, half filed in the pro trays and the treated chip buds were planted in slanting position in the canes of the trays and then covered with the respective media. The trays were incubated for 5 days to induce sprouting and then kept under 50 % shade ned and water was sprinkled every day on the pro trays the grown up seedlings were observed for different growth parameters viz., Germination %, Survival percentage, Root and Shoot length, Shoot and root dry weight, dry matter production and vigour index.The results revealed that there was a significant difference on germination recorded at 20 DAS due to different nursery media tried. Higher germination of 66.93% was observed with T3 treatment (coir pith + Vermicompost @ 3: 1 ratio) It was on par with T6 treatment (Banana leaf Compost: Press mud % 1:2 ratio) and T10 treatment (Press mud alone). Regarding survival % recorded at 30 DAS, the higher revival % was recorded with T3 treatment. However, it was on par with T4, T5 & T10 treatments (Bagasse: press mud @ 1:2 ratio). The lower shoot length was recorded with T11 treatment where the nursery media of farm boon was used. There was no significant difference in influencing root length and number of leaves / seedling and root / shot ratio due to different treatments (nursery media) tried.

Correlation between Rice Weevil Infestation Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) and Seed Quality Parameters of Maize (Zea mays. L) Seed

2024-05-13T12:11:16+00:00

The experiment was conducted at the Seed Research and Technology Centre, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to investigate the impact of Sitophilus oryzae on the seed quality parameters of maize. Samples weighing 500g of maize variety DHM-117 were placed in plastic jars in three replications S. oryzae adults of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 pairs were separately released into each replicate of the maize seeds then these jars were placed in an incubator set at 25°C and 75% humidity. These jars were covered with lids equipped with aeration facilities. The adult emergence, germination percentage and moisture content were evaluated every two months six months. An inverse correlation was observed between adult emergence with germination percentage and seedling vigour index while, adult emergence showed a positive correlation with moisture content.

Construction of a Scale Towards E-Crop Booking Services of Rythu Bharosa Kendras (RBKs)

2024-05-13T12:19:07+00:00

In this modern era, farmers encounter difficulties in receiving timely advices and services from extension agents. Due to technological advancements in the recent past quality of services, speed in deliverables and precision actions are possible by creating proper interface between farmers, scientists, extension officers, service providers and by bringing innovation/sustainable interventions in agriculture and allied sectors. With this context as a new extension reform, state government of Andhra Pradesh, India has launched Rythu Bharosa Kendras for bringing the extension system nearer to the farming community and more transparency to ensure quality of services. Hence, this study represents the construction of a perception scale to understand the perception of farmers towards Rythu Bharosa Kendras. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to develop a scale for measuring the perception of farmers towards e-crop booking services of Rythu Bharosa Kendras. Likert’s method of summated rating technique was adopted to construct the scale. Based on the available literature and expert’s opinion, 50 statements were developed. After editing as per informal criteria, 40 statements were subjected to item analysis among the farmers of non-sample area. Out of which, 32 statements were retained in the developed perception scale based on the highest ‘t’ value. The ‘r’ (correlation coefficient) value was found to be 0.852 which represents significant at 1 per cent level and the reliability and validity of the constructed scale were found appropriate to measure the perception of farmers towards e-crop booking services of Rythu Bharosa Kendras.

Effect of Nano Zinc and Nano Iron on the Vegetative Growth of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda

2024-05-14T10:33:27+00:00

In June 2023, the Department of Horticulture at Lovely Professional University in Jalandhar, Punjab conducted a field experiment. The experiment utilized a factorial Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and 3 replications, covering a total of 27 plants. The experiment ran from June 2023 to December 2023. Regarding the individual effect of nano zinc, it was found that the application of nano zinc at a concentration of 200 ppm resulted in significant increases in various vegetative parameters. The maximum plant height increased by 18.06%, canopy spread increased by 30.16% East to West and 30.31% North to South, canopy volume increased by 121.34%, leaf length increased by 119.25%, leaf width increased by 110.94%, and leaf area increased by 363.27%. However, the increase in stem diameter was not significant compared to other treatments. Similarly, the individual effect of nano iron was also studied. The application of Nano Iron at a concentration of 150 ppm resulted in significant increases in various vegetative parameters. The maximum plant height increased by 17.26%, canopy spread increased by 27.63% East to West and 27.78% North to South, canopy volume increased by 109.42%, leaf length increased by 113.28%, leaf width increased by 107.08%, and leaf area increased by 343.06%. However, the increase in stem diameter was not significant compared to other treatments. The experiment revealed that among various treatment combinations, the application of Nano Zinc @ 200ppm + Nano Iron @ 150ppm (nZn₂+nFe₂) was observed significantly superior and maximum maximum plant height increased by 19.98%, canopy spread increased by 34.69% East to West and 34.88% North to South, canopy volume increased by 144.72%, leaf length increased by 130.89%, leaf width increased by 120.56% and leaf area increased by 409.25% over other treatments about vegetative parameters except stem diameter compared to other treatments.

Comparative Efficacy of Selected Insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) in Prayagraj, U.P., India

2024-05-14T10:41:37+00:00

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Entomology at Central Research Farm (CRF), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during the Kharif season of 2023 in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and eight treatments against, Vigna unguiculata i.e., of (T₁) Spinosad 45SC, (T₂) Novaluron 10EC, (T₃) Emamectin benzoate 10EC, (T₄) HaNPV, (T₅) Neem oil 5%, (T₆) Spinosad 45% + Neem oil 5%, (T₇) Nisco Sixer plus, (T₀) Control. Each insecticide was sprayed twice at 15 days interval. The larval population per plant was taken day before and 3, 7, and 14 days after each spray. All the insecticides tested significantly reduced the pest infestation compared to control. The lowest percentage infestation of larval population of Helicoverpa armigera was observed in T₆Spinosad 45% + Neem oil 5% (1.55 %), (1.08 %) at both sprayers followed by T₃ Emamectin benzoate 10EC (1.66 %), (1.19 %), T₁ Spinosad 45SC (1.71 %), (1.24 %), (T₂) Novaluron 10EC (1.79 %), (1.35), (T₄) HaNPV (1.86 %), (1.44 %), (T₅) Neem oil 5% (1.93 %), (1.55 %), (T₇) Nisco Sixer plus (2.02 %), (1.62 %), T₀Control (30.87), (25.44). The crop yield and cost benefit ratio ranged between (10.36 q/ha and 19.49 q/ha), the highest being in Spinosad 45% + Neem oil 5% (19.49 q/ha), (1:3.8) followed by Emamectin benzoate 10EC (17.68 q/ha), (1:3.5), Spinosad 45SC (16.01 q/ha), (1:2.9), Novaluron 10EC (14.74 q/ha), (1:2.8), HaNPV (13.23 q/ha), (1:2.7), Neem oil 5% (12.8 q/ha), (1:2.6) and Nisco Sixer plus (11.12 q/ha), (1:2.4) and Control plot (10.36 q/ha), (1:2.3).

Impact of Different Sources of Phosphorus and Sulphur Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Performance of Chickpea under Light Textured Soil

2024-05-14T12:25:19+00:00

Background: Pulses are most important source of dietary protein, belonging to the family of Leguminosae and strictly harvested for their dried seeds. Phosphorus and sulphur nutrients play a vital role in quality production and nutritional values. Phosphorus rich organic manure (PROM) have potential to release organic acids to enhance native soil phosphorus mineralization.

Methods: This investigation was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner during Rabi season of 2021-22 with the use of different levels of phosphorus and sulphur to investigate the growth rate, yield parameters and performances of chickpea. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design comprising three phosphorus sources with a certain amount of 32 kg P ha^-1 through di ammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP) and PROM and four sulphur levels (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha^-1) and it was replicated thrice.

Results: The application of 32 kg P₂O₅ha^-1 through PROM significantly increase higher growth parameters, yield attributes and yield in comparison to 32 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 through DAP and SSP. Among sulphur levels, upto 40 kg S ha^-1showed significantly higher growth rate and yield characters. The PROM can be a better strategy for the improvement of growth and yield characters.

Economic Effect of Custom Hiring Centres on Paddy (Oryza sativa) Cultivation in Haryana, India

2024-05-14T13:23:31+00:00

To compare the economics and efficiency of resource use in paddy cultivation when using machinery hired from government-sponsored Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) vis-à-vis private farm machinery providers. The study was carried out in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana during the agricultural year 2020-21. Selection of district was done based on the highest percentage change in farm power availability since the beginning of the Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM). The data for the investigation were gathered from 80 paddy farmers (40 hiring farm machinery from the private farm machinery providers and 40 from the CHCs). The farmers who hired the machines from CHCs found 10.52 per cent reduction in the paddy operational costs when compared to the farmers who hired machinery from the private farm machine providers. Furthermore, the net returns of the farmers who hired from the CHCs were approximately 27.06 percent higher. In case of the resource use efficiency, machine labour was discovered to be the most efficiently utilised resource under CHCs. In comparison to the private farm machinery providers, the study found that the CHCs help to improve returns and efficiency of utilisation of the farm machinery as a resource.

Effect of Fish Bone Meal on Major Nutrients Uptake in Tomato

2024-05-15T11:28:07+00:00

A pot culture experiment was carried out to study the effect of fish bone meal application on uptake of major nutrients by tomato crop during the rabi season. Application of the mineral fertilizer (DAP) with raw and acidulated fish bone meal (RFBM and AFBM) at different levels were imposed and the nutrient content and uptakes of major nutrients by tomato plant and fruits were recorded. 187.5 kg P₂O₅ as DAP + 62.5 kg P₂O₅ as AFBM recorded significantly higher NPK uptake which led to enhancement in biomass of tomato crop.

Response of N, P & K Uptake Pattern under the Different Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., Crop

2024-05-15T11:37:20+00:00

The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Block Design treatments 8 viz. T1 Control,T2 FYM @ 30 t/ha) + biofertilizer (PSB), T3 poultry manure @ 5 t/ha + biofertilizer (PSB),T4 vermicompost @ 7.5 t/ha + biofertilizer (PSB), T5 FYM @ 10 t/ha + poultry manure @ 1.7 t/ha +vermicompost 2.7 t/ha + biofertilizer (PSB), T6 67% RDF through inorganic sources + 33% RDF through organic sources i.e. FYM + biofertilizer (PSB), T7 33% RDF through inorganic sources + 67% RDF through organic sources i.e. FYM + biofertilizer (PSB) and T8 Farmer practices (through organic). All the treatment combinations were replicated three times. The soil of the experiment field was silty loam in texture and medium in fertility status with the pH values 8.1, organic carbon 0.31%. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 140.0, 15.2, and 240 kg ha-1 respectively.

Effect of Varieties and Dates of Sowing on Seed Yield of Sunhemp

2024-05-16T10:00:07+00:00

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Stattion, Amadalavalasa to identify a suitable sunhemp variety and sowing window during Khariff or obtaining higher yields in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The soil of experimental site was sandy loam in texture, medium in alkaline reaction (pH: 8.24), non-saline (EC: 0.22 dS m^-1), low in organic carbon (0.5%), low in available nitrogen (219.3 kg ha^-1), low in available phosphorus (22.18 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1) and medium in available potassium (268.3 kg K₂O ha^-1). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four main plot treatments, three subplot treatments and with three replications. The main treatments comprised of four dates of sowing viz., D₁: 1^st may,D₂:15^thmay,D₃:1^st june and D₄: 15^th june. The sub plot treatments comprised of three varieties viz., V₁: K12 yellow, V₂: K12 black and V₃: SH 4. All the cultural practices were adopted as per the recommendations of University. The results of the experiment indicated that growth and yield of sunhemp was significantly influenced by variety as well as date of sowing. It was evident that sowing of sunhemp in North Coastal AndhraPradesh on 15^th June was optimum as it recorded shorter plant height (224.8 cm), early flowering i.e flower initiation at 80 days, 50% flowering in 91 days, higher plant population and significantly higher seed yield (2.35 q/ha) was recorded. Among the varieties tested SH 4 produced taller plants exhibited early flowering and finally recorded significantly higher seed yield (2.16 q/ha). However, plant population did not vary significantly among the varieties. Interaction between dates of sowing and varieties indicated that for seed crop K12 black and SH 4 of sunhemp can be sown between 1^st june to 15^th June in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh for getting higher seed yield of sunhemp as the seed yield of the above two varieties and dates of sowing were atpar.

Field Experiment on Integrated Nutrient Management in Aggregatum Onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

2024-05-16T10:07:20+00:00

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, U.T. of Puducherry during the summer season of 2023 to investigate the integrated effects of organics and bioenhancers on the growth, bulb yield and quality of aggregatum onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) cv ‘Perambalur Local’. The experiment utilized a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications, incorporating two factors viz., fertilizers level (F₁ with 6 levels) and bioenhancers (F₂ with 3 levels), resulting in eighteen treatments in a factorial manner. The study materials included vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya and jeevamirtham, in addition to recommended Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and N, P, K fertilizers. Noteworthy observations were made in the treatment receiving Recommended Dose of FYM (RDFYM) + 75% N + Recommended Dose of P (RDP) + Recommended Dose of K (RDK) + 25% N through Poultry manure, coupled with the application of jeevamirtham at 500 L ha^-1 as a soil drench thrice, coinciding with irrigation at planting, 20 and 45 days after planting (DAP). This treatment exhibited significant enhancements in various parameters including maximum plant height at 30 DAP (31.40 cm), leaf girth at 30 DAP (1.94 cm), number of leaves plant^-1 at 30 DAP (25.80), fresh weight of top (12.26 g), polar (3.17 cm) and equatorial diameter of bulblet (2.94 cm), bulblet weight (9.30 g), number of bulblets plant^-1 (10.00), maximum bulb yield (43.18 g plant^-1 and 6.91 t ha^-1) and dry matter production of bulbs (788.51 kg ha^-1). These findings underscore the efficacy of integrating organic inputs and bioenhancers in optimizing the growth, yield and quality of aggregatum onion.

Response of Spring Maize to Different Sowing Schedules and Phosphorous Application

2024-05-16T10:14:23+00:00

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University in 2023 to assess the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under varying sowing schedules along with levels of phosphorus application. The experimental site featured sandy loam soil with pH of 7.34, 0.32% organic carbon content, and an electrical conductivity (EC) 0.423 ds m^-1. An experiment comprised different phosphorus levels, including recommended diammonium phosphate (DAP), recommended single superphosphate (SSP), 10% increase in DAP, or 10% increase in SSP applied at three sowing dates. It followed a randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The results indicated that the timing of sowings had a significant impact on all yield attributes, such as cob length (cm), number of rows/cob, number of cobs/m² area, grains/cob, grain yield (q/ha), biological yield (kg/ha), and harvest index (%). However, levels of phosphorus application did not exhibit a significant effect on growth and yield attributes. The best results, including taller plants (213.8 cm), a higher number of cobs per m² area (14), increased number of rows/cob (16), grains per cob (334.7), grain yield (45.2 q/ha), biological yield (97.8 q/ha), and harvest index (53.2 %), were achieved by sowing maize crop at the optimum sowing date (D2).

Optimization of Flowering and Fruit Development in Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran using Fertilizers, Micronutrients, and Bioregulators

2024-05-16T12:17:39+00:00

In order to investigate the effect of fertilizers, micronutrients and bioregulators on flowering and fruit growth and developments on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran, an experiment was carried out during 2019/2020 cropping season at the Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture JNKVV Jabalpur. The study used a factorial design using randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications and a total of twelve treatment combinations that included bioregulators, micronutrients, and fertilizers either separately or in various combinations. The application of treatment T4 [RDF (N:P:K)+Foliar spray of GA3 + NAA (50 ppm+50 ppm)] was found to be significantly superior as compared to other treatments for flowering parameter in respect to induce early flower bud formation, based on the results obtained in this study. It takes 22 days to induce the earliest flowering after spray, and it takes 8.67 days to achieve 50% flowering. The earliest date of flower bud initiation was found with the T11 [RDF (N:P:K)+ NPK -18:18:18 (1.0%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.3%)] which showed to be the best for fruit growth and development characteristics, including specific gravity (1.047), fruit weight (36.52 g), fruit volume (36.56 ml), fruit length (4.53 cm), and fruit diameter (3.50 cm).With regard to practically every fruit growth and development attribute, the treatment T10 was found to be the second best.

Consumer Preferences for Turmeric Quality Attributes: A Conjoint Analysis in Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka, India

2024-05-17T08:04:07+00:00

Consumer purchasing behaviour, heavily influenced by quality preferences, drives the need to understand the desired quality attributes of turmeric. With the increasing emphasis on health and wellness, there's a growing demand for organic and sustainably sourced turmeric among health-conscious consumers. To meet these preferences, quality control measures throughout production and processing stages are crucial. The study employed conjoint analysis to elucidate consumer preferences for turmeric quality attributes in Chamarajanagar district utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Well-structured questionnaires were employed to gather consumer preference data on attributes such as quantity, colour, texture, origin and longevity. Turmeric's area and production exhibited a positive growth rate despite moderate instability. The additive model was used for analysis proved to be a good fit, with both Pearson’s rank correlation coefficient (0.97) and Kendall’s correlation coefficient (0.89) significant at the one percent probability level. Preferred attributes for turmeric powder among respondents included light-yellow colour, fine texture, a 50g quantity pack, organic origin, and long-lasting nature. Insights gained from this analysis inform product development, marketing strategies, and pricing decisions, enabling producers to tailor turmeric offerings to meet consumer demands effectively and enhance market competitiveness. Promoting domestic turmeric cultivation not only boosts foreign exchange inflow but also improves the economic standing of farmers. Thus, prioritizing enhancements in turmeric cultivation presents a promising avenue for encouraging the agricultural sector and fostering economic growth.

Study On Evaluating Genetic Variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Cultivars under Agro-Climatic Conditions of Prayagraj

2024-05-18T08:21:57+00:00

Aim: An experiment to Study on genetic variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) 20 Cultivars. Based on the present investigation it was concluded that the high magnitude of heritability (in broad sense) coupled with high genetic gain was observed for most of traits exhibiting additive genetic effect. The analysis of variance for different quantitative characters reviled significant differences among the varieties for parameters like Growth, Spike yield and Vase life with Corms weight/plant (g) of gladiolus.

Study Design: Randomized block design with three replications.

Place and Duration of study: Experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, during September, 2023 to March, 2024 to find out the best performing variety for this region.

Results: The highest corms yield/plant (g/plant) of genotype was observed in Friendship (106.72) followed by Chandini and Sunayana. It was observed that PCV was higher than GCV for all the traits studied highest GCV and PCV is recorded as weight of daughter corm (21.30 and 22.17). In the present study the heritability estimates in broad sense were classified into 3 groups such as high (>75%), moderate (60% - 75%), low (<60%). The heritability estimates were found to be high (more than 75%). In the present study the heritability estimates in broad sense were classified into 3 groups such as high (>75%), moderate (60% - 75%), low (<60%). The heritability estimates were found to be high (more than 75%).

Conclusion: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient analysis revealed that Corms weight/plant (g) showed positive significant association with plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of shoots per plant, rachis length (cm), no. of floret per spike, no. of spike per plant, floret diameter (cm), spike length (cm), vase life, corm weight per plot (g), weight of mother corm per plot, weight of daughter corm, corm diameter (cm), no. of corm per hectare, no. of cormels per hectare and corm yield/plant at both levels genotypic and phenotypic.

In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides against Anthracnose of Betelvine (Piper betle L.)

2024-05-18T11:58:14+00:00

Background: Betelvine is important commercial crop and the most profitable among all cultivated crops, which plays a vital role in the overall livelihood security of farm families. Diseases are the major yield constraints of crop plants. One of the most serious fungal diseases of dragon fruit is anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species. Since less information available on anthracnose of betel vine, this study was undertaken.

Methods: The efficacy of non-systemic, systemic and combination fungicides were tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides using poisoned food technique (Vincent 1947) under in vitro condition. Six non-systemic fungicides Chlorothalonil 75% WP, Captan 50% WP, Mancozeb 75% WP, Copper oxychloride 50% WP, Propineb 70% WP and Copper hydroxide 53.8% at (250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm), six systemic fungicides Hexaconazole 5% EC, Propiconazole 25 % EC, Azoxystrobin 25% SC, Tebuconazole 25.9% EC, Difenaconazole 25% EC and Picoxystrobin 22.5% SC at (100ppm, 150ppm, 250ppm) and six combi fungicides Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole 13.9% EC, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG, Fluropyram 200 g/L + Tebuconazole 200 g/L SC, Fluxopyroxad 250 g/l + pyraclostrobin 250g/L, Fluopyram 250 g/L + Trifloxystrobin 250 g/L SC, Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC at (150 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm) were evaluated.

Results: Among six non-systemic fungicides evaluated against C. gloeosporioides which was obtained from the isolated sample and results revealed that the Copper hydroxide gave 69.90 % inhibition which was superior over all other fungicides evaluated and least inhibition was recorded with Mancozeb 40.30%. Difenconazole, Tebuconazole were the best systemic fungicides found best with inhibition % of 98.28 and 95.17 when evaluated against C. gloeosporioides. Out of the six evaluated combination products, propiconazole + difenconazole exhibited the highest inhibition rate at 99.78 %. Following closely, Fluopyram 200 g/L + Tebuconazole 200 g/L SC and Tebuconazole 50% EC + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG displayed inhibition rates of 89.47% and 87.50 % respectively.

Standardization, Physico-chemical and Organoleptic Evaluation of Value added Ready-To-Serve (RTS) Beverage from Starfruit

2024-05-18T12:09:40+00:00

The present study was carried out to develop a ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage from starfruit value added with ginger, mint, aloe vera, lemon grass, basil and rosemary with the objective of assessing the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments and three replications. Based on the results of assessment, it has been concluded that treatment T1 (Starfruit Juice + Ginger Juice 2%) performed best in terms of physico-chemical properties viz. pH, acidity, TSS, vitamin C, reducing sugar and total sugar. On the basis of sensory evaluation, treatment T1 (Starfruit juice + Ginger Juice 2%) was found most acceptable in terms of organoleptic properties viz. colour, taste, flavour and overall acceptability.

Productivity and Profitability of Fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) as Affected by Integrated Nutrient Management: A Review

2024-04-26T13:35:11+00:00

Fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) is a valuable feed resource for livestock, providing high-quality forage rich in nutrients essential for animal health and productivity. This review summarizes the key components and benefits of integrated nutrient management in fodder oats cultivation. Organic inputs such as farmyard manure, compost, and green manure enhance soil quality while inorganic fertilizers provide essential macro and micronutrients necessary for robust crop growth and yield.Various researchers found that higher green and dry fodder yields were obtained with the application of Farmyard Manure @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers (329.76- 518.32 q ha^-1) and 75% RDF along with 2 t Poultry manure ha^-1 (77.57- 91.31 q ha^-1 ). While 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)+Zn + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)+residual farm yard manure (R-FYM) and 100%RDF + Zn + R-FYM significantly increased fodder quality traits- Crude protein (9.44-10.10%), ether extract (4.5-5%), total ash yield (33.8-34.6%), ADF and NDF. Uptake of N, K, P, S and Mn by oat crop was highest at 75% NPK+2.5t Vermicompost +10kg Mn+20kg S ha^-1. Higher net returns per ha were obtained by integrated nutrient management treatment of FYM @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers and the application of 75% RDF (60:40 NP) kg ha^-1 along with 2 t poultry manure ha^-1. Thus Integrated nutrient sources increased the yield and quality of fodder oat besides enhancing profitability.

Potential of Plant Based Metallophytes for Phytoremediation in Agriculture

2024-04-29T09:23:55+00:00

Metallophytes are the unique group of plants that have evolved to thrive in metal rich environments and have drawn plenty of attention. Remediating heavy metal contaminated places with plants is an effective choice due to phytoremediation, an environmentally friendly method that uses plants to mitigate the pollution. Metallophytes are ideal options for phytoremediation applications due to their inherent traits such as hyper-accumulation, efficient metal absorption and tolerance mechanisms impacting both the plant and soil. These plants absorb and translocate heavy metals, detoxifying the soil while accumulating them in tissues. This reduces metal toxicity in soil and holds potential for resources recovery. The role of metallophytes in phytoremediation is analysed in this review with particular focus given to their ways of metal absorption, translocation and detoxification. Metallophytes have high metal tolerance and accumulation capacities due to their unique physiological and biochemical adaptations including enhanced metal sequestration in vacuoles, metal chelation by phytochelatins and activation of anti-oxidant defence systems. This review also highlights the significance of metallophytes in enhancing the soil health, reducing metal bioavailability, and promoting the ecological sustainability as well as their potential for restoring contaminated ecosystems. Utilizing the unique capabilities of metallophytes obtained from plants possesses enormous possibilities to minimise the negative effects of heavy metal pollution, protect ecosystems, and promote sustainable development for future generations. Eventually, it outlines future research approaches that aim to enhance metallophytes based phytoremediation strategies, widen their implementation and include them in holistic approaches for environmental restoration and sustainable land management.

A Comprehensive Review on Soilless Cultivation for Sustainable Agriculture

2024-04-30T08:00:03+00:00

With the growing challenges of food security and environmental degradation, there is an increasing need for sustainable agricultural practices. Soilless cultivation techniques offer a promising solution by minimizing land and water use while maximizing crop yield and quality. This review examines the potential of soilless cultivation methods in promoting sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of soilless cultivation techniques in sustainable agriculture. It aims to analyze the various methods used, their advantages and limitations, and their contributions to environmental sustainability and food security. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather information on soilless cultivation techniques, including hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. Relevant studies and reports were analyzed to assess the performance of these methods in terms of resource efficiency, crop productivity, and environmental impact. The review found that soilless cultivation techniques offer significant advantages over traditional soil-based farming, including higher crop yields, efficient water and nutrient use, and reduced environmental footprint. Hydroponic systems, in particular, have been widely adopted and have shown promising results in various crops. Additionally, soilless cultivation methods can be tailored to different environmental conditions, making them adaptable to a wide range of settings. In conclusion, soilless cultivation holds great potential for sustainable agriculture by addressing key challenges such as land and water scarcity, soil degradation, and climate change. While further research and technological advancements are needed to optimize these techniques and make them more accessible to farmers, the evidence suggests that soilless cultivation can play a significant role in achieving global food security and environmental sustainability goals.

The Function of RNA Interference (RNAi) in Crop Enhancement- Mechanism and Applications: A Review

2024-05-08T12:21:20+00:00

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved molecular mechanism that plays a critical role in post-transcriptional gene silencing across diverse organisms. This review delves into the role of RNAi in plant functional genomics and its applications in crop improvement, highlighting its mechanistic insights and practical implications. The overview starts with the fundamental finding of the mechanism of RNAi, following its journey from petunias to its ubiquitous presence in a wide range of species. The discovery of several kinds of regulatory non-coding small RNAs, including as phasiRNAs, miRNAs, and siRNAs, has broadened our knowledge of RNAi-mediated gene regulation beyond what is previously thought. These RNA types have an impact on gene expression through complex post-transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. RNA interference (RNAi) has become a potent tool for comprehending gene activities in the context of crop improvement. It has shown to be useful in determining the functions of genes for metabolic pathways, stress tolerance, and more. Furthermore, RNAi-based strategies have potential for sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management, supporting international efforts to ensure food security. The many uses of RNA interference (RNAi) are covered in this article, including improving crop nutrition, changing plant architecture, and increasing shelf life. The challenges and future prospects of RNAi technology are also explored. The worldwide geography of RNA interference research is emphasized, with notable contributions from North America, Europe, and China. In conclusion, RNA interference (RNAi) continues to be a flexible and essential tool in contemporary plant research, providing new pathways for understanding gene activities and enhancing crop characteristics. Its combination with other biotechnological techniques, such as gene editing, might influence how agriculture and sustainable food production develop in the future.

Deciphering Nature’s Secret of Seaweed Extract as a Biostimulant on Horticultural Crops: A Review

2024-05-10T10:27:41+00:00

Seaweed extracts have gained significant attention in horticultural practices due to their diverse range of beneficial effects on plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. The presence of antioxidants and Osm-protectants in seaweed extracts helps mitigate oxidative damage and maintain cellular integrity under adverse conditions. It also holds great promise as a valuable input in horticultural systems, offering a range of benefits including enhanced soil health, and sustainability. This review aims to summarize and analyze the benefits of seaweed extract application on horticultural crops. The extracts derived from seaweed are rich in essential nutrients which are available from through which plants can absorb easily and promote growth. It also contains numerous bioactive compounds including cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins, and betaines, which act as plant growth regulators. The application of seaweed extracts can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants, triggering defense mechanisms against pathogens and pests, which can reduce the need for synthetic pesticides and fungicides, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly horticultural practices. In addition to its direct effects on plants, seaweed extract enhances soil health and microbial activity. It serves as a natural biostimulant, promoting beneficial microbial populations in the rhizosphere, which facilitate nutrient uptake and cycling. Moreover, the humic substances present in seaweed extract contribute to soil structure improvement, water retention, and nutrient availability, fostering a conducive environment for plant growth.

Climate Crisis and Agricultural Response: Climate Resilient Crops for Sustainability in Food Production Systems

2024-05-11T09:59:38+00:00

Climate change encompasses altered levels of temperature and humidity, variability in the rainfall pattern, fluctuations in weather parameters, rise in ambient CO₂ levels, emission of greenhouse gases, global warming, etc. that results in extreme events and disasters as cyclones, floods, droughts, salinity, nutrient and heavy metal stress, change in arthropod diversity and emergence of new invasive pests. This results in un-usual effects in agro-ecosystems leading to changes in cropping patterns, crop diversity, and their interaction with biotic and abiotic stress factors, threatening livelihood, food, and nutritional security. Population displacement, declining food productivity, and vulnerable agro-ecosystems are the major consequences of altered meteorological events that occur due to climate change. Therefore, substitution of traditional crops with crops that exhibit resilience to climate crisis is the need of the hour. Smart breeding approaches and precision farming technologies as remote sensing and spectral analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, speed breeding, genome analysis, genetic manipulation, gene drive systems, system biology study, omics approaches, etc can make agricultural production climate resilient and sustainable. Response of biofortified crops under changing climate must also be assessed to improve the crop productivity and output.

Speed Breeding in Cereal Crops: Accelerating Genetic Improvement for Rapid Agricultural Advancement

2024-05-11T11:09:15+00:00

The global demand for food is rising due to population growth, climate change, and evolving consumer preferences. Traditional plant breeding programs typically require a decade or more to develop and release new crop varieties. Speed breeding is a cutting-edge technique designed to expedite genetic improvement by significantly reducing the seed-to-seed cycle. This review explores the principles, applications, and potential of this method in accelerating agricultural advancement. Originating from NASA's experiments for food production in space, the approach has evolved into a highly efficient strategy for speeding up breeding cycles in cereal crops. By manipulating light, photoperiodic regimes, temperature, and humidity within controlled environments, it is possible to achieve up to six generations of photo-insensitive crops and two to three generations of other crops per year. This rapid generation turnover provides a unique opportunity for accelerated genetic mapping, trait stacking, and enhanced genomic selection. Speed breeding complements modern breeding technologies such as genome editing, high-throughput genotyping, and CRISPR, facilitating quicker development of crop varieties with improved traits. Its applications extend to boosting transgenic pipelines and understanding critical physiological traits in crops. Furthermore, it aligns with breeding methods like single plant selection and single seed descent, offering a more efficient path to desirable outcomes. However, challenges remain, including the need for specialized infrastructure, the impact of genotypic variations, and potential stress responses due to accelerated conditions. Despite these hurdles, speed breeding represents a promising tool in the quest for food security and resilient agricultural systems. This review examines its potential to transform plant breeding, reduce cultivar development times, and contribute to rapid agricultural advancement in a changing world.