Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

The widespread use of synthetic agrochemicals has led to environmental pollution, pest resistance, and health concerns, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives in modern agriculture. Bio-based agrochemicals, derived from natural sources such as essential oils, neem, and microbial extracts, offer eco-friendly solutions for crop protection and productivity enhancement. Essential oils, obtained from aromatic plants like citronella, thyme, and peppermint, exhibit potent antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties due to their complex mixture of bioactive compounds such as terpenes and phenolics. Neem-based formulations, containing azadirachtin, nim-bin, and salannin, act as antifeedants, growth regulators, ovicides, and repellents, providing long-term pest and disease management. Microbial extracts from bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes suppress pathogens through enzyme production, biofilm formation, and induction of systemic resistance in plants. Each bio-agrochemical class demonstrates unique advantages and limitations in terms of efficacy, stability, cost, and target specificity. Integrating these natural agents into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems enhances crop protection while minimizing reliance on synthetic chemicals. Recent advances in formulation technology, such as nanoencapsulation and synergistic blends, along with supportive regulatory frameworks, hold promise for large-scale adoption. Despite these developments, further research is needed to standardize bioactive compounds, optimize application methods, explore novel sources, and assess socio-economic feasibility. This review highlights the potential of essential oils, neem, and microbial extracts as sustainable, effective, and environmentally safe alternatives, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly agriculture and resilient crop production.