Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Aquaculture has emerged as an important livelihood and food-security activity in Kalahandi district, Odisha, where drought-prone agriculture and limited rural income opportunities have encouraged diversification towards pond-based fish farming. This study analysed the cost structure, profitability and constraints associated with fish farming in the district. A total of 125 fish farmers were selected from Bhawanipatna, Narla and Dharamgarh blocks through stratified random sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured and pre-tested schedule. The analysis used descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and the Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) to assess the economic viability of aquaculture. The findings show that fish farming in the study area is largely practised by young and relatively inexperienced farmers, with semi-intensive culture being the dominant production system. Most respondents operated small ponds, and many depended on seasonal or revenue ponds. The average CBR of 1.62 indicates that aquaculture was financially remunerative under the observed conditions. However, high feed costs, limited access to quality seed, insufficient technical knowledge, inadequate extension support, credit constraints, weak infrastructure and market-related challenges restricted productivity and profitability. The study suggests that strengthening hatchery development, improving input availability, expanding farmer training, simplifying credit access and enhancing market linkages may support more sustainable and profitable aquaculture in Kalahandi district.